NBI's home and termite inspection reports are designed to be clear and easy to understand, however, it may contain terms and phrases with which you are not familiar. Below is our reference library to define and clarify terms and phrases that may appear in our report or terms and phrases that are generally used with regards to home and termite inspections. Click on the letter that starts with the word you are looking for.
For example, to find out more about Electrical, click on "E".
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
ABS PLASTIC - Black plastic pipe and fittings. Generally used in waste water and drainage systems. Introduced in the 1960's, popular for new residential construction and remodeling. Some brands of ABS drainage piping are defective. Due to the widespread availability of brands and varied defective production years, it is beyond the scope of this inspection to identify whether defective piping exists in this instance. NBI reports on the visual condition of piping at the time of inspection but cannot be responsible for any potential failure that could result. We recommend contacting a qualified plumbing contractor to verify the reliability of this piping.
ABUTMENT - A component attached to the main structure. Support posts, exterior arches, stucco covered fences, etc. are all classified as abutments.
AIR FILTER - A furnace filter installed in line with the cold air return which filters out dust and debris and prevents its re-entry into the occupied interior.
ALUMINUM WIRING - A type of conductor used to carry current. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has determined that aluminum wiring used in 120 Volt light and outlet circuits can be hazardous and a cause of fire. A failure can occur because aluminum wire behaves differently than copper wire when current travels through the conductor. An aluminum wire will expand and contract more than a copper wire. The expansion and contraction can result in loose connections. The loose connections can oxidize. The loose, oxidized connections can spark or overheat when current flows to the connection. The spark or overheating can cause a fire. This potential problem has nothing to do with the wires in the walls, floors or ceilings. This problem occurs only at the connections. It is possible to control and repair this condition. Typically, aluminum is no longer used in the individual branch lighting and receptacle circuits. It is still commonly used and approved to bring power to a structure and to energize the distribution panels as well as power the individual appliance circuits. Aluminum wire should only be connected to listed and rated devices (breakers, outlets, switches, etc.). Additionally, these devices should have an anti-oxidant installed to cover the connections. As a preventive measure, each accessible aluminum connection should be periodically checked by a licensed electrician to insure that it is securely fastened. If aluminum wiring has been installed in the individual lights, switches and receptacles, we recommend repair with crimp connectors. This repair consists of attaching a short length of copper wire onto the existing aluminum wire with a specially designed metal sleeve and an air-powered crimping tool. This makes a permanent connection that is, in effect, a cold weld. An insulating sleeve is heat shrunk around the crimp connection to complete the repair. This is in accordance with the recommendation of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
AIR CONDITIONER COMPRESSOR - A pump which forces refrigerant through an air conditioning system.
AIR CONDITIONER COMPRESSOR (SHORT CYCLES) - The air conditioner turns on and off in short cycles. A qualified air conditioning contractor should be contacted to evaluate the air-conditioning system and determine the corrective measures needed.
AIR CONDITIONER TEMPERATURE (LESS THAN 65 DEGREES) - The temperature of the air surrounding air conditioning equipment should be at least 65 degrees for 12 hours before the equipment is operated. Operating the compressor in cold temperatures can severely damage the compressor. AIR GAP - A sink device installed between the dishwasher and the drain line. Its purpose is to prevent the drawing of waste water into the dishwasher.
AMP - (Short for Amperes.) The rate of flow of electricity through a wire. This term is commonly used in rating electrical disconnect panels as well as circuit breakers.
ANGLE STOP - A shut-off valve arranged in a 90-degree configuration. It is used to shut off the flow of water to a fixture.
ANTI-SIPHON VALVE - A device installed on lawn irrigation piping designed to prevent the drawing of contaminated ground water into the domestic water supply system.
ASBESTOS - Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral fiber extensively used in construction. Nearly every building constructed prior to 1978 contains asbestos in some form. It may be found in vinyl flooring, patching compounds and textured paints, sprayed acoustic ceilings, acoustic ceiling tiles, stove insulation, furnace insulation, pipe insulation, wall and ceiling insulation, roofing, shingles and siding as well as appliances. There are a number of choices available for dealing with asbestos. They include leaving it alone, encapsulation and abatement. Removal of this material is a specialized procedure and should be attempted only by a qualified and licensed expert. Information regarding identification of asbestos, its hazards and safe removal may be obtained from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Environmental Protection Agency and other governmental agencies.
Here are several common examples of asbestos.
White clothlike material wrapped around heating ducts in the basement area. White material wrapped over what appears to be corrugated cardboard material. This heating duct is in the garage. It is wrapped with "foil encased asbestos". Normally this is one of the safest forms of asbestos because the asbestos is encapsulated; however, a cat has been using this duct as a scratching post thereby releasing asbestos fibres. This duct should be replaced immediately. AUTOMATIC GARAGE DOOR OPERATOR - All overhead garage doors should be routinely tested to insure they automatically reverse when they are obstructed. If they don't, we recommend that the opener be modified, replaced or adjusted as necessary.
B
BEETLE - Wood destroying pest. Powder Post Beetles live predominantly in hardwoods such as cabinets, furniture, door and window trim. Deathwatch Beetles live predominantly in dank musty areas that have poor ventilation. Often times, this is in a wet sub area under the home. See (Treatment Techniques)
BLOWER (FURNACE) - A fan in a furnace or air conditioning unit which blows air through ducts.
BLOWER BEARINGS WORN - The forced-air furnace fan bearings are worn. The fan bearings should be lubricated if possible. Damaged bearings may need to be replaced. It is possible that the fan itself may need replacement.
BOOT (AIR DUCT)- A rectangular box attached to the end of a duct into which the register is placed.
BRACING (CROSS) - Short, structural members criss-crossed between floor or ceiling joists to provide reinforcement and distribution of stress.
BTU - British Thermal Unit, a unit of measure of heat. One BTU is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water one Fahrenheit degree.
BUCKLED FLOORING (HARDWOOD) See Flooring
C
CAULK AND SEAL VOIDS - Voids or gaps can occur in the exterior of the building around the doors, windows and plumbing and electrical entry points. All voids should be caulked and sealed to prevent heat loss, air infiltration and moisture entry.
CELLULOSE DEBRIS -
Scrap-wood found in the substructure soil area. This debris can result in the infestation and infection of wood-destroying pests and/or organisms. It should be removed. CIRCUIT - The electrical path serving all of the outlets in the home.
CIRCUIT BREAKER - An overload protection device which automatically breaks electrical connection when too much current flows through the conductor.
CLEARANCE TO COMBUSTIBLES (INADEQUATE) - Gas-fired appliance vents must be far enough away from combustible surfaces to prevent the heat that these vents carry from causing a fire. Single wall vents should be at least six inches away from combustible surfaces and double wall vents should be at least one inch away. We recommend adequate clearance always be provided.
COLD AIR RETURN - A furnace duct through which interior cool air returns to the furnace. This cool air is then circulated through the heat exchanger, warmed, and distributed through the ducts.
COMBUSTION AIR - The oxygen-carrying air which fuel burners need to operate safely. It is normally supplied through venting ducts or openings in walls or doors. We recommend that additional venting be installed.
CONDENSATION - (Within the building) Beads or drops of water that accumulate on the inside of the exterior covering of a building when warm, moisture-laden air from the interior reaches a point where the temperature no longer permits the air to sustain the moisture it holds. Providing attic and substructure ventilation will improve this situation. A vapor barrier under the plaster or dry wall on exposed walls will reduce condensation in them. A plastic moisture barrier over damp subarea soil will help create a dry air space between the damp soil and the floor framing, thereby helping to limit the amount of moisture that is able to rise into the framing, and reducing the possibility of future damage and deterioration.
CONDUIT - A hollow pipe (metal or plastic) casing through which electric wires run.
COPPER GAS CONNECTOR - Sulfur in natural gas reacts with copper and can cause the connector to deteriorate and leak. We recommend that copper tubing be removed and be replaced with an approved gas supply connector.
CRACKS IN INTERIOR WALLS/CEILINGS (MINOR)- Hairline cracking in the interior walls and ceilings, as well as minor sloping of floors and door casings, should be expected as a result of ordinary settlement and expansion of the foundation system, structural framing, and soil. These conditions do not, in our opinion, represent a failure of the framing system. NBI is not a licensed engineering company. Contact a licensed engineering company for a detailed evaluation of soil movement or foundation settling.
CREOSOTE - One of the by-products given off when burning wood. Creosote condenses on the walls inside the fireplace chimney. It is highly combustible and, if sufficiently heated, can ignite and start a flue fire. Fireplaces and chimneys should be cleaned annually after normal use.
CRIPPLE WALL - A framing wall positioned on top of the foundation to support the first floor.
D
DEBRIS ON ROOF OR IN GUTTERS - Gutters filled with debris should be cleaned to ensure proper drainage. Roofing surfaces covered with debris should be cleaned not only to ensure proper drainage but also to prevent premature deterioration of the roof surface. Debris also prevents a complete inspection of the component.
DOUBLED LUGGED ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT - Two electrical circuits are being controlled by one circuit breaker. This wiring method increases the possibility of tripping and damaging the circuit breaker. Each circuit should be separately protected with a circuit breaker of appropriate amperage.
DRAINAGE (FOUNDATION) - Substructure moisture accumulation causes damage and/or deterioration to the foundation and/or framing. We recommend that the drainage be upgraded as necessary to collect the surface and subsurface moisture approaching the foundation and route it away from the foundation.
DRIP LOOP - A loop in each of the overhead electrical service entrance conductors typically located on the roof that is designed to prevent the passage of rain water into the weatherhead service raceway or equipment. DUCTS - Metal, plastic, or fiberglass piping used for distributing warm or cool air.
DUCTWORK (ASBESTOS WRAPPED) - Portions of the ductwork are wrapped with material that resembles asbestos, however it requires laboratory testing to determine its content for certain. (Local laboratory information may be obtained through our office.) Asbestos may present a hazard to health. This questionable substance shows signs of deterioration and damage. We suggest contacting a qualified "Asbestos" contractor for recommendations and corrective work. Concerns over asbestos are very subjective and individual. For that reason, if further information is desired, we recommend contacting the appropriate specialist. NOTE: These comments are made purely as a customer service; to our knowledge, NO asbestos inspection has been performed at this property.
E
EARTH-TO-WOOD CONTACT -
Wood in contact with dirt. This condition is conducive to the infestation and infection of wood-destroying pests and/or organisms. We recommend that all earth-wood contacts be broken and any damaged or deteriorated material be replaced. EAVE - The part of the roof which extends beyond the outer walls.
EFFLORESCENCE - A deposit of soluble salts, usually white, on the surface of concrete and masonry walls due to evaporation of water.
EXPANSION BUBBLE - A bubble in the roofing surface formed by water vapor expanding between the layers of a built-up roofing membrane. This condition can reduce the useful life of the roofing surface and is conducive to moisture penetration and subsequent leakage.
EXPOSED AND ACCESSIBLE - NBI's inspections are limited to a visual review of those areas of the premises which are visible and accessible. Any area which is not accessible to view, or is otherwise concealed because of soil, walls, floors, ceilings, carpets, furnishings, storage, or any other things, is not included in our inspection. Our inspection does not include any destructive testing or dismantling of equipment, systems, or surfaces. With access and an opportunity for examination, reportable conditions maybe discovered. Inspection of inaccessible areas can be performed at an additional cost after the area has been made accessible.
EXPOSED/WORN MATTING - Sand granules have eroded off the composition shingle surface. This is an indication of significant roofing surface wear. Prolonged exposure to the sun will damage the matting. Damaged matting can result in moisture penetration and subsequent leakage into the occupied interior. The deteriorated roofing surface should be repaired.
EXPOSED UNDERLAYMENT - There are sections of exposed tar paper underlayment, plus many damaged shakes throughout. As wood shakes age and wear away on the surface, they become thin; the thinnest portion will eventually wear through. When this occurs, felt underneath becomes exposed to the sun. Tar paper exposed to sunlight for three to four years will fail and cause a roof leak; therefore, these areas should be repaired immediately.
EXPOSED WIRING - Wiring or connections not properly covered and protected. We recommend that all of these connections be repaired and be properly protected.
F
FASCIA - A board enclosing the overhang, under the eave that runs along the roof edge.
FIRE WALL - Fire-resistant walls typically between the garage and living area. These walls may not have been required at the time of construction. Present building code requires a one-hour fire-resistant barrier between the garage and the living area. The purpose of this barrier is to prevent the spread of fire. Flammable liquids are often stored in the garage. The risk of a fire starting in the garage is significant enough to warrant recommending that a one-hour fire-resistive barrier be installed.
FLASHING (ROOF) - Material (typically metal) used at connections and penetrations in a roof or wall to prevent leakage.
FLASHING (IMPROPERLY INSTALLED) - Flashing installed improperly which creates a condition conducive to moisture penetration. The connections and penetrations must be repaired to prevent leakage.
FLASHING (INADEQUATE) -Insufficient flashing. This condition often leads to leakage. We recommend that all doors, windows, decks, roof connections and penetrations be properly flashed to prevent moisture penetration.
FLOORING (BUCKLED HARDWOOD) - Hardwood floors are installed with the tightest seams possible. A substantial increase in the moisture content of the wood will cause it to pop up (buckle) to relieve the pressure. The "cause" of the moisture should be corrected prior to repairing the flooring.
FORCED-AIR SYSTEM - A heating system in which air is heated in a furnace and "forced" through air ducts aided by a blower.
FORM-BOARDS - Wood used in the forming of a concrete foundation or retaining wall are typically removed after the concrete has hardened. If it is left in place, it can lead to the infestation of wood-destroying pests. We recommend that all form boards be removed.
FOUNDATION - A structure (typically concrete) below or partly below grade, which provides support for exterior walls or other structural portions of the building.
FOUNDATION BOLT - A bolt used to secure a wooden sill plate to a concrete or masonry foundation. The purpose of the bolt is to limit the ability of the framing to move independent of the foundation in the event of seismic activity.
FOUNDATION (INADEQUATE)- An old foundation that is weak and subject to failure because of its age, condition or design. A brick foundation would be an example. Although an inadequate foundation may not have failed, it is likely to be severely damaged in the event of seismic activity and is more susceptible to moisture damage. Replacement may not be necessary now, but may be necessary at some point in the future. We recommend contacting a licensed structural engineer for evaluation and recommendations.
FOUNDATION CLEARANCE (INADEQUATE)- Substructure area clearance between the soil and the wooden framing which is less than eighteen inches. Insufficient clearance does not allow access for inspection or maintenance and creates a condition conducive to moisture damage and decay of wooden members. We recommend that a minimum of eighteen inches of clearance be provided between the soil and the framing. Any damaged wooden material found in the course of this work should be replaced.
FOUNDATION (Pier and Beam) -
A pier and beam foundation system is constructed by sinking concrete shafts (piers) into the soil 5-15 feet deep. Then a beam is placed on top of these piers to support the house. The pier and beam foundation system moves up and down in expansive soils far less than the standard foundation system thereby eliminating the cracks in walls etc. FOUNDATION (ROTATED) - A significant number of older foundations were constructed without steel reinforcement and with shallow footings. The weight of the structure was placed on the outer edge of the foundation wall. This design commonly results in some leaning of the foundation. Poor drainage is often times the catalyst for rotation. Rotation does not necessarily mean that the foundation has failed. It does weaken the foundation and it is more vulnerable to excessive moisture conditions and seismic activity. The foundation can be repaired. However, if left unattended, this condition will worsen and may eventually result in a failure of the foundation which would require replacement.
FOUNDATION (SETTLEMENT) - Foundation settling is that instance in which some portion of the foundation drops below the original "as built" grade. This occurs as a result of a loss of bearing compaction of fill, erosion of supporting soil, and/or dehydration (shrinkage of supporting soil). Industry standard allows for a differential of one inch within twenty feet.
FUNGI (WOOD DESTROYING) Often times called "dryrot". Fungus can only infect wood that has more than a 20% moisture content. Stop the source of moisture and replace all wood that has been structurally damaged. Use pressure treated wood wherever possible. Topically treat all wood normally subjected to moisture.
This is under a deck. The "white stuff" is wood destroying fungus. Notice that it occurs at the intersecting points of deck boards and floor joists where the water becomes trapped. Power washing the deck to remove all moisture trapping debris and topically treating with fungicides can help prevent this infection from occurring. FURTHER INSPECTION (RECOMMENDED) - NBI's inspections are visual in nature. If concerned about an inaccessible component, NBI will recommend a further inspection once the area has been opened for inspection. FUSE - An electrical protection device with a circuit opening fusible member that is heated and destroyed by the passage of too much current through it.
G
GALVANIZED PIPE - Steel pipe with a protective zinc coating. Used for supply of domestic water, waste water and vent piping. The interior of galvanized piping has a tendency to become severely corroded. Without disassembly, we cannot substantiate its condition inside. We recommend verifying whether the current owner has experienced decreased water volume in any of the fixtures. If corroboration is desired, we recommend contacting a qualified plumbing contractor for a more complete evaluation. No statement is given with regard to inaccessible areas or items.
GARAGE DOOR SPRINGS - In older homes, the counter balance springs used for tilt-up garage doors were not provided with a safety device to control spring breakage. Without the benefit of a safety device, it is possible that pieces of the spring may fly across the garage upon accidental breakage. We recommend these garage door springs be upgraded.
GAS (FLEXIBLE PIPING) - Older installations of gas-fired appliances often use rigid gas piping. This piping is subject to damage in the event of movement. We recommend that all gas-fired appliances be equipped with flexible gas connectors or swing joints as appropriate. This should help reduce damage in the event of an earthquake.
GATE VALVE - A shut-off valve used to control liquid flow.
GFCI (often called GFI)- Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter: a safety device which monitors the difference between current flowing through the hot and neutral wires of a receptacle. If there is an imbalance of current greater than five milliamps, the current will be cutoff in less than a second.
GFCI protection is recommend in the garage, outdoors, kitchen and bathroom receptacles. This will reduce shock hazards.
GRADE (FAULTY/MARGINAL) - The dirt level around a structure. When the dirt is less than six inches below the top of the foundation, it is considered a marginal grade. A faulty grade (where the dirt is above the top of the foundation) or marginal grade can lead to moisture damage and/or pest control problems. If this condition is discovered, we recommend the dirt be lowered if possible. If not possible, we may recommend the height of the foundation be raised to a minimum of six inches above the ground and that all damage (if any) be replaced.
GRADING (IMPROPER) - Grading which is sloped toward the structure. Low spots and reverse grading will increase the chances of water penetration under the foundation and subsequent pooling or puddling in the basement, garage and/or subarea. We recommend that the site be regraded so the soil slopes away from the house at the rate of ˝" per foot for a distance of 5 feet.
GROUND WIRE SPLICES AND LOOSE CONNECTIONS - The electrical system ground is ineffective because of splices and loose connections in the grounding conductor. We recommend that the grounding conductor be repaired or replaced as necessary.
GROUNDED OUTLETS- A random sampling of individual receptacles found some outlets to be grounded but others were not. We recommend that all kitchen, bathroom, outdoor, garage and interior three-pronged receptacles be properly grounded in accordance with current building practice.
GUARD RAILING - We recommend that all decks and landings 30 inches or more above the ground have guard railing. The railing should be at least 36 inches high and the spacing between the railing pieces should be no more than four inches.
GUTTER LEAKS - A leaking gutter or downspout can allow water to penetrate the wall and enter the occupied interior. Deteriorated gutters and downspouts should be repaired or replaced as necessary.
GUTTER (DEBRIS FILLED) They are filled with a substantial amount of debris, which impedes drainage capability. This should be corrected as soon as possible to prevent excessive deterioration to the gutter and eave-framing members. The debris prevents a complete inspection of the gutter beneath. Prior to the close of escrow, we recommend removing all debris to allow for a complete inspection. NOTE: To prevent future damage, installation of protective gutter screens or annual cleaning is recommended.
H
HANDGRIP - A gripable surface on a stair rail. The handrail serving the stairs does not include a handgrip and therefore does not satisfy current building standards. We recommend installing 1˝-inch handgrip at the handrail for added safety.
HEAT EXCHANGER (CRACKED) A fracture in the walls of the furnace combustion chamber. The heat exchanger separates the flame and combustion products from the air chamber. A crack in the heat exchanger may allow the products of combustion to enter the interior of the house. One of the products of combustion is carbon monoxide. In addition to carbon monoxide, natural gas combustion produces formaldehyde gas. Depending on the authority and study published, acceptable levels of carbon monoxide and formaldehyde gas in an indoor environment vary greatly. There are a number of testing methods practiced to determine if a heat exchanger is cracked. First, a visual inspection with a flashlight can reveal a crack. Then is flame observation. The furnace flame is observed before and after the circulating air comes on. Flame distortion, flame rollout can indicate a failure of the heat exchanger. We recommend a thorough furnace inspection be performed by a licensed
HVAC contractor if these conditions exist.
I
INACCESSIBLE- Any area which is not exposed to view or is concealed because of soil, walls, floors, ceilings, carpets, furnishings, storage, or any other things is inaccessible. Inaccessible areas are not included in this inspection. Reportable conditions may be present in inaccessible areas. Review of inaccessible areas can be performed at an additional cost at such time as access can be provided.
INSULATION (IMPROPERLY INSTALLED) - Insulation installed with the vapor barrier pointed away from the living space. This can cause a buildup of moisture and subsequent damage. We recommend this insulation be properly re-installed with the vapor barrier pointed toward the heated side of the building. Any damaged material found in the course of this work should be replaced.
INSULATION (ATTIC) R-value is the standard for measuring resistance to heat flow (both outgoing and incoming)-the higher the R-rating, the more effective the insulation. The attic space is insulated to an average thickness of less than three (3) inches which is considered inadequate to meet minimum energy efficiency standards. The state of California energy standards recommend using an R-30 (12-inch) thickness of insulation to lessen the heat gain during summer months. As an alternative, consider insulating to an R-19 (apx. 6-inch) thickness and add either a ridgecap ventilation system or a thermostatically controlled attic fan to release trapped hot air.
J
JACKS (STEEL)
Adjustable steel jacks are frequently being used under newer homes. These work well in expansive soil areas because with a wrench, their height can be adjusted easily to alleviate sticking doors or preventing cracking in walls. JOISTS - Parallel, horizontal boards laid edgewise from wall to wall to support the boards of a floor or ceiling.
K
L
LEAD PAINT - Lead-based paint is a hazard when paint chips or particles and dust are ingested by children. Lead accumulates in the blood, soft tissues and bones, leading to damage to the kidneys, brain and central and peripheral nervous systems. Children are more susceptible to the toxic effects of lead paint because lead mimics calcium and is more easily absorbed into growing bodies. Precautionary measures include removing lead from children's environment, mopping floors and window sills to remove lead dust and washing hands before eating. Typically this risk occurs in homes constructed pre-1978. If concerned, we strongly recommend having your house tested for lead based paint.
LOOSE/MISSING/WORN SHAKES OR SHINGLES - A condition conducive to moisture penetration and subsequent leakage into the attic and/or occupied interior. We recommend repair or replacement as necessary to prevent leakage.
M
MAIN DISCONNECT - A device by which the electrical system can be disconnected from its source of supply. Six or more branch circuits require a main disconnect device.
MASONRY VENEER - Brick or rock attached to the exterior of the structure. No comment can be given as to whether the veneer is properly attached to the main structure.
MASTIC - Asphalt material used to seal around roof connections and penetrations.
MASTIC (EXCESSIVE)- A profuse amount of mastic has been used at the LOCATION. Its existence implies a roof failure has occurred to this area in the past. Bear in mind that mastic is only a temporary corrective measure; a more permanent repair should be considered in the near future.
MOISTURE BARRIER - Plastic or treated paper placed on substructure soil to minimize moisture vapors entering the interior. Installing a moisture barrier under the home can help minimize mold and mildew inside the home plus it can also minimize seasonal foundation movement by stabilizing the moisture content in the soil.
N
O
OVERFUSED - A fuse or breaker is too large for the rated capacity of the circuit. This allows too much current to flow through the conductor (wire) before the overcurrent protection device blows or trips. This is hazardous. Increased demand on the circuit may result in the conductor overheating which can cause a fire. We recommend all overfused branch circuits be equipped with a fuse or breaker of appropriate amperage.
P
PARAPET WALL - The portion of the exterior wall that extends above the roof line. This type of construction has a tendency to permit water to penetrate at the roof covering, leak into wall cavities, and eventually cause damage to framing. Given that we were unable to view the interior of these walls, we recommend providing access at strategic locations to allow the interior of the wall cavities to be inspected.
PLENUM - This is the air chamber to which all ducting is connected (typically in a forced air heating system.).
PLUMBING TRAP - A fitting to provide a liquid seal that preventsthe back passage of gases, without materially affecting the flow of sewage or water through it.
POINTING (MORTAR JOINTS) - To fill the joints between bricks with cement or mortar. We recommend this work be done by experienced professionals.
PVC PIPING - Rigid white plastic pipe and fittings used for supply yard sprinkler systems. Plastic PVC water piping that is subject to constant water pressure has been run under the LOCATION. Pressurized PVC is not recognized as proper water line material by most California cities. We recommend having this piping replaced with copper.
Q
R
RADON - Radon is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs as part of natural decay of uranium. Radon is present to some extent in all soils and groundwater and its levels vary within geographic areas. Radon is classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a known carcinogen. There are no immediate symptoms resulting from exposure to radon. Most radon enters the home through cracks and openings in concrete slabs, crawlspaces, sumps and the tiny pores in hollow-wall concrete blocks from the soil underneath. Sometimes radon enters homes through well-water. The level of radon can be measured and mitigation measures taken if necessary. Contact the Department of Health Radon Program for a list of radon testing laboratories and mitigation contractors who meet federal requirements. Additional information may be obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
RAFTER - One of a series of inclined structural members which support the roof, running from the exterior wall to the ridge board.
RAILING (DECK) The railing on the LOCATION deck does not satisfy current building standards regarding adequate user protection. Good building practices stipulate that all decks more than 30 inches above-grade and/or the floor below should be protected by a 36" guardrail with spindles that have no more than four inches of clear opening between. We recommend upgrading this rail for added safety.
RAT PROOFING - A barrier (typically concrete) that was originally installed to prevent the entrance of rats. Concrete rat proofing has been installed through most of the subarea, which will reduce evaporation and condensation and will also stabilize moisture content in the soil. Concrete rat proofing will not prevent moisture from entering the substructure. No statement is made regarding the condition of soil beneath the rat proofing.
REINSPECTION - Repairs recommended in NBI's termite inspections should be reinspected after the damage has been removed and prior to enclosing.
REPAIR RECOMMENDED -NBI uses this term when an item no longer functions as designed or intended and should be repaired or replaced as necessary.
RETAINING WALL - Most local building departments require proper engineering for retaining walls over three feet in height. It is outside the scope of this inspection to determine whether this retaining wall meets the requirements of the local jurisdiction.
REVERSED POLARITY - An electrical receptacle has been wired with the hot and neutral wires reversed. Reversed polarity can compromise the grounding of an appliance and cause some electrical equipment to operate improperly. We recommend the wires be reversed.
RIDGE BOARD - The horizontal structural member at the top of a roof where the rafters meet.
ROOF DRAINAGE (INADEQUATE)- Roof ponding can indicate inadequate drainage. Standing water can result in leakage. We recommend that the drainage be upgraded as necessary to properly divert water off of the roof.
ROOF COVERING (MULTIPLE LAYERS) - Multiple roofing surfaces add extra weight to the roof framing. Too much weight can crack framing members. Most local building departments limit the number of roofing surfaces to three. Some, however, limit it to two. At such time as replacement of the roofing surface is made, we recommend that all of the existing roofing surfaces be removed, the framing resheathed as necessary and all roof connections and penetrations be reflashed before the new surface is installed.
ROOF SLOPE (INSUFFICIENT) - Each type of roof covering requires its own roof slope. Inadequate sloping typically will lead to roof leaks. At such time as replacement of this roofing surface is made, we recommend either increasing the pitch of the roof or changing the roof covering necessary for this pitch.
ROTTED POSTS - Redwood fence posts will typically rot right at the soil level within 15 years of construction.
S
SAFETY GLASS - All glass within 18" of the floor; exterior glass doors and shower doors should be equipped with safety glass. It is not uncommon in older buildings not to be equipped with safety glass as safety glass may not have been required at the time of installation. Doors and windows not equipped with safety glass are hazardous if broken. Consideration should be give to equipping all these areas with safety glass.
SECTION I (FINDINGS) are classified as "Active damage and infestation to wood by wood destroying organisms and pests". The "cause" of the damage is also classified as a Section I item. See (Proper Interpretation of Section I and Section II Items)
SECTION II (FINDINGS) are classified as "Conditions deemed likely to lead to damage or infestation to wood by wood destroying organisms and pests if the condition is not corrected. See (Proper Interpretation of Section I and Section II Items)
SEISMIC BRACING (WATER HEATER) The water heater is not equipped with adequate seismic bracing to protect it from tipping over if an earthquake occurs. Adequate bracing necessitates the binding of ample metal straps around the top and bottom thirds of the heater and then bolting them into the wall framing on opposite sides of the water heater. We recommend having proper straps installed in the near future for additional safety.
SHAKES - Handsplit shingles. Have uneven thicknesses and are installed over felt underlayment.
SHEATHING - The material used to cover the outside wall or roof structure of a frame house.
SIDING - (MASONITE/FIBERBOARD) This siding has been known to deteriorate if it has been improperly installed or inadequately sealed. As part of routine maintenance, we recommend sealing all openings, cracks, and joints; plus verify all guarantees and warranties with the homeowner prior to the close of escrow.
SILL PLATE - Framing lumber placed on and around the foundation to support exterior wall studs and outer floor joists.
SKYLIGHT - Window placed in the roof structure. As a rule, the addition of a skylight involves cutting into roof framing members which usually requires a building permit. Please verify with the owner that a building permit was issued and signed off by the local building department. NOTE: It is beyond the scope of this inspection to verify whether the skylight was framed and installed properly. (See the "General Comments" section of this report for further information.)
SOFFIT - The enclosed underside of an overhang of structural members, such as staircases, beams and eaves.
SOIL PIPE - Pipe carrying organic waste.
SPALLING - Concrete has begun spalling (or flaking off) the foundation. This could either be the result of an improper mix when the foundation was originally poured or a gradual deterioration of the concrete. It is beyond the scope of this report to make this determination. We recommend contacting a competent engineer to determine the actual cause of the problem and provide corrective recommendations.
STAIR RAILING - Stairs with four or more steps should have a safety railing. We recommend that an approved handrail be installed.
STAIR TREAD - The horizontal landing upon which you step. The stair tread must be a minimum of 8" wide. The tread width on the LOCATION steps does not conform with current building standards for safety. We recommend exercising caution when using these stairs. The local building department may require correction of this condition if repair of the stair structure is called for in the future.
STEEL JACKS (See Jacks STEEL)
STUD - A vertical, framing member in a wall or partition, usually spaced sixteen inches apart.
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TEMEPERATURE/PRESSURE VALVE - A safety valve designed to release excess temperature and pressure. Commonly used in water heaters and steam boilers.
TERMITES (DAMPWOOD) - Wood destroying pests. Lives in very wet wood. Seldom located in residences because of the moisture requirements. See (Termite Treatments)
TERMITES (DRYWOOD) - Wood destroying pests. Lives in "dry" wood. These termites do not need an outside moisture source, they get their moisture directly from the wood. Live in small colonies often times found in windowsills, door jambs and rafter tails. See (Termite Treatments)
TERMITES (SUBTERRANEAN) - Wood destroying pests. Lives in the soil. Gets their moisture from the soil. These termites enter your home to eat the wood in the house, return to the soil for moisture and then go back to eating on your home. They typically return to the soil every 24-48 hours depending on their moisture needs. See (Termite Treatments)
These are subterranean termite tubes which provide a passage way from the soil to the house. This evidence would indicate a need for a termite treatment. These are termite swarming tubes under a floor furnace. These termites are getting ready to swarm (fly off) to create new colonies under this house THERMOSTAT - An automatic heating/cooling control device. NBI recommends units that are controlled by clocks to set back the temperature during certain time periods as a fuel-saving measure.
TILE ROOF - Tile roofs (tile, clay or metal) are highly resistant to wear and have a life expectancy of fifty plus years. However, problems can develop and these problems need attention in order to prevent leakage. Walking on a tile roof may result in some tile breakage; therefore, NBI examines tile roofs from ground level and other vantage points. We look for cracked and missing tiles and cracked and deteriorated tile mortar joints. We also examine the visually accessible connection and penetration flashings for damage and defects. Problems in these areas create opportunities for leakage and must be corrected to prevent moisture penetration. We recommend that tile roofs be periodically examined by a qualified and licensed roofing contractor.
TOILET (LOOSE) - When a toilet is not securely fastened to the floor, the wax ring seal can deteriorate, causing the toilet to leak. A leaking toilet can damage the floor and the floor framing. A toilet can leak for some time before the damage becomes visible. We recommend the toilet be reset on a new wax ring seal and the toilet be securely fastened before the need for additional costly repairs becomes necessary.
TRANSITE PIPE - A pipe composed chiefly of asbestos and cement used to carry products of combustion from gas fired appliances safely to the exterior of a dwelling. Transite vents are not recognized by present code. Consideration should be given to replacing these vent pipes with new code complying vent pipes. Transite may present a health hazard. This material requires laboratory testing to determine its content for certain. (Local laboratory information may be obtained through our office.) Concerns over asbestos are very subjective and individual. For that reason, if further information is desired, we recommend contacting the appropriate specialist. NOTE: These comments are made purely as a customer service; to our knowledge, NO asbestos inspection has been performed at this property.
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UNDERLAYMENT - Building material, generally paper or felt, used as a protection against the passage of air and moisture.
UNDERLAYMENT (NONE) - A tile roof has been installed directly over the sheathing without an underlayment. Underlayment provides a moisture barrier between the tile and the attic. The manufacturer's specifications may permit this method of installation; however, it is our opinion that without an underlayment, this roof is more subject to premature leakage. We recommend that the tile surface and the connections and penetrations be periodically examined by a qualified and licensed roofing contractor for signs of damage and leakage and repairs be made if necessary.
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VALLEY (ROOF) - A depressed angle formed where two roof planes meet.
VENT (PLUMBING) - A pipe installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system and to prevent "gurgling" during drainage.
VEGETATION (ATTACHED) - Vines and/or shrubbery that cover the exterior finished. This vegetation can cause damage. We recommend that all shrubbery against the walls be cut back.
VOLTAGE - Electric power. The greater the speed at which electrons travel, the more power present. (240 volts is more powerful than 120 volts). Most homes are equipped with both 240 volt and 120 volt outlets.
VENTILATION (SUBSTRUCTURE) - The substructure of an average home will vaporize seven (7) gallons of water per day. Wet substructures will vaporize much more water. Excessive vaporization can cause mold and mildew within the home plus cause damage to framing members. Substructure ventilation is very important to minimize this vaporization.
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WATT - The amount of electricity flowing through a line, measured in terms of watts. Volts multiplied by amps equals watts.
WATER HAMMER - A sudden pounding noise in a piping system caused by rapid pressure changes due to very quick closing of valves or other restrictions. It is possible to correct this condition by installing an air chamber.
WATER PRESSURE - 55 pounds per square inch (psi) is considered in the mid-range of normal water pressure. Less than 30 psi is considered in the low-range of normal water pressure. This usually occurs as a result of mineral deposits building up inside the domestic water supply piping which restrict the flow of water. The corroded lines eventually will need to be replaced. Excessive water pressure (above 100 psi) puts unnecessary strain on the water heater, water lines and fixtures which can result in leaks. We recommend that a pressure reduction valve be installed in such instances.
WINDOW (DUAL GLAZED) Windows with two or more vacuumed sealed panes of glass. The seal has failed in the LOCATION window and allowed moisture to penetrate between the layers of glass. Repair requires complete windowpane replacement. We recommend contacting a qualified glazing contractor to restore the failed window(s) and evaluate serviceability of all of the remaining dual-glazed windows. NOTE: This design is affected by weather conditions. Problems may not be detectable during our inspection.
WINDOW (JALOUSIE) Windows made of multiple overlaying panes of glass. This slatted style of window does not offer the same security or energy efficiency as some other types. We recommend replacing with more efficient window(s) in the near future.
WOOD FLOOR (RAISED) - Wooden flooring that has been constructed on wood framing slightly elevated over an unknown surface below. We may not have found evidence to suggest the presence of damage. However, with access and an opportunity for examination, reportable conditions may be discovered. We recommend that portions of the flooring be removed to provide sufficient access to determine the presence and extent of any damage, and any necessary corrective measures.
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